Dynamic Models

Synchronous Machines

A synchronous machine is specified with its excitation controller (EXC) and torque controller (TOR):

SYNC_MACH Name BUS_NAME FP FQ P Q Snom Pnom H D ibratio
  XT/RL Xl Xd X'd X"d Xq X'q X"q m n Ra T'do T"do T'qo T"qo

EXC EXC_TYPE parameters_passed_to_EXC

TOR TOR_TYPE parameters_passed_to_TOR ;

Parameter	Description	Unit
FP, FQ	Fractions of bus injection (active, reactive)	—
P, Q	Initial powers (used if fractions are zero)	pu
Snom	Nominal apparent power	MVA
Pnom	Nominal active power of the turbine	MW
H	Inertia constant	s
D	Damping coefficient	pu
ibratio	Ratio of subtransient current to nominal current (used for machine sizing)	—
XT/RL	Keyword: XT if the next value is the step-up transformer reactance; RL if it is the line resistance	—
Xl	Leakage reactance	pu
Xd, X'd, X"d	d-axis reactances (synchronous, transient, subtransient)	pu
Xq, X'q, X"q	q-axis reactances	pu
m, n	Saturation exponents for the magnetic saturation characteristic. Use * to set to default values.	—
Ra	Armature resistance	pu
T'do, T"do	d-axis time constants (open-circuit transient, subtransient)	s
T'qo, T"qo	q-axis time constants	s

The FP, FQ, P, Q fields are power participation fractions and initial power values used during initialization. See Reference Frames & Initialization for detailed explanation.

Available Exciter Models

The following exciter types are available in the current version:

1storder, constant, kundur, generic1, generic2, GENERIC3, GENERIC4, ST1A, ST1A_lim, ST1A_OELHQ, ST1A_PSS2B, ST1A_PSS3B, ST1A_PSS4B, ST1A_IEEEST, ST2A, AC1A, AC1A_RETRO, AC4A, AC8B, DC3A, IEEET5, EXPIC1, EXHQSC, ENTSOE_simp, and many more with combinations of PSS and OEL models.

Available Torque Controller Models

1storder, constant, DEGOV1, hydro_generic1, thermal_generic1, HQRVC, HQRVM, HQRVN, HQRVW, hq_generic, hq_generic1, ENTSOE_simp, ENTSOE_simp_consensus

Injectors

An injector is a component connected to a single AC bus:

INJEC INJ_TYPE NAME BUS_NAME FP FQ P Q parameters_passed_to_INJ ;

Available Injector Models

Model	Description
load	Generic load model
PQ	Constant PQ load
restld	Restorative load
indmach1, indmach2	Induction machine models
IBG	Inverter-based generator
WT3WithChanges, WT4WithChanges	Wind turbine models
BESSWithChanges	Battery energy storage system
vfd_load	Variable frequency drive load
svc_hq_generic1	SVC model
theveq	Thévenin equivalent (infinite bus)

Thévenin Equivalent (Infinite Bus)

INJEC THEVEQ INJEC_NAME BUS_NAME FP FQ P Q MVA ;

A Thévenin equivalent imposes a constant-frequency voltage source and forces the synchronous reference frame.

Parameter	Description	Unit
FP, FQ	Fractions of bus injection (active, reactive)	—
P, Q	Initial powers (used if fractions are zero)	pu
MVA	Apparent power base used for per-unit values of the Thévenin equivalent	MVA

The FP, FQ, P, Q fields are power participation fractions and initial power values used during initialization. See Reference Frames & Initialization for detailed explanation.

Impedance Loads

IMPLOAD loadname BUS_NAME FP FQ P Q ;

Constant-impedance loads maintain the power factor at the initial voltage.

Parameter	Description	Unit
FP, FQ	Fractions of bus injection (active, reactive)	—
P, Q	Initial powers (used if fractions are zero)	pu

The FP, FQ, P, Q fields are power participation fractions and initial power values used during initialization. See Reference Frames & Initialization for detailed explanation.

Two-Port Components

Two-port components connect two buses:

Available Two-Port Models

Model	Description
HQSVC	SVC model (Hydro-Quebec type)
HVDC_LCC	Line-commutated converter HVDC
HVDC_VSC	Voltage source converter HVDC
HVDC_VSC_SC	VSC-HVDC with short-circuit contribution
DC_BHPM, DC_CHAAUT	DC link models
CSVGN5	SVC variant
CHENIER	HVDC link (Chenier)
DCL_WCL	DC link model
vsc_hq	VSC model (Hydro-Quebec type)

Discrete Controllers

DCTL CTRL_TYPE CTLNAME parameters ;

Available Discrete Controller Models

Model	Description
ltc, ltc2, ltcinv	Load tap changer controllers
oltc2	On-load tap changer
uvls	Under-voltage load shedding
uvprot	Under-voltage protection
pst	Phase-shifting transformer controller
rt	Real-time synchronizer
mais, HQmais	Multi-area islanding schemes
FRT	Fault ride-through
sim_minmaxvolt	Voltage stopping criteria
sim_minmaxspeed	Speed stopping criteria
voltage_variability	Voltage variability monitor

Real-Time Synchronizer

DCTL RT CTLNAME ratio_to_rt ;

Setting ratio_to_rt = 1.0 slows the simulation to match real-time. Setting it to 2.0 means twice faster than real-time (if possible).

Stopping Criteria

Voltage-based:

DCTL SIM_MINMAXVOLT CTRL_Name VMAX(pu) VMIN(pu) DEADTIME(s) Stop_Simulation(T/F) ;

Speed-based:

DCTL SIM_MINMAXSPEED CTRL_Name MAX_SPEED(pu) MIN_SPEED(pu) DEADTIME(s) Stop_Simulation(T/F) ;